Encoders

Encoders—also known as rotary encoders—operate on the same principle as potentiometers. They measure angles, positions, and distances based on rotational movement. Unlike potentiometers, encoders generate digital output signals that are converted into electrical signals. Incremental and absolute encoders are available for detecting angular changes and determining position. Incremental encoders measure angular values ​​using periodic patterns. They come in two versions: those using magnetic sensing and those using optical sensing. Optically sensing encoders feature a rotating code disk with slotted apertures; this disk is illuminated by an LED, and an optoelectronic element converts the light into an electrical signal.

The apertures create a light-dark signal that, due to the rotation of the code disk, follows a sine-like waveform. In magnetically sensing encoders, an object’s angular position is determined by a field factor; the sensor converts these factors into incremental signals.

Unlike incremental encoders, absolute encoders provide the exact position. They supply this information immediately upon machine startup and even after a power failure. Like incremental models, they utilize either magnetic or optical sensing. Absolute encoders offer a decisive advantage over incremental encoders, particularly in applications involving machine tools such as CNC milling machines.

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